Son John Junior would not share his father’s disdain of flamboyance.
October 9, 1901 John D. Rockefeller, Jr.'s wedding to Abby
Green Aldrich on October 9, 1901, was a major social event. The wedding took place in the Aldrich summer
estate in Rhode Island. Rockefeller
arranged for the 500 guests to be transported there on two private steamers from
Manhattan and 45 special train cars.
The newlyweds lived in the Rockefeller mansion for a few
years before moving across the street to No. 31 West 54th Street in 1905. Rockefeller was earning a salary of $10,000 (about
$200,000 today), working as one of three advisors to his father. But as Junior’s family increased, so did
his fortune.
By 1912, John and Abby had five children who taxed the size
of their home. Rockefeller Sr. gave his son
some Manhattan property and his entire holdings in the American Linseed Company. It was time for a larger house.
John Junior purchased the former mansion of Colonel John J. McCook at 10 West 54th
Street, abutting the side garden of his childhood home. He commissioned William Wells Bosworth to design a
gargantuan replacement--eight stories tall--that would dwarf his father’s Civil
War period home next door.
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The rising house dwarfs the nearby brownstone rowhouses in 1912 -- from the collection of the New York Public Library |
Within the entrance were a large vestibule and two reception
rooms. The first floor was devoted to
utilitarian purposes rather than entertaining.
Rockefeller’s office, a breakfast room and the servants’ quarters were
all on this floor. Upstairs things were
a bit more impressive.
The Sun, on October 27, 1912, described the house as it
neared completion. “The second floor is
planned to be one of the most attractive suites in the city. Here will be the dining room, the drawing
room and the music room, all of large dimensions, with plenty of window space.”
The newspaper took a swipe at other Standard Oil transplants
from Ohio. “Specially designed furniture
and hangings are being made by the best manufacturers for this apartment, which
while not intended to be as lavish or ostentatious as those in the homes of
some of the Western men of means who have built homes on or near Fifth avenue
will be unusually attractive.”
The third and fourth floors above were devoted to the family. The entire third floor was reserved for John
and Abby, including a library. The
fourth housed the children’s bedrooms and rooms for nurses and personal
attendants of the family. The fifth
floor was entirely devoted to guestrooms, as was part of the sixth.
The upper two floors were partly for recreation. On the seventh floor was “as perfectly
equipped a gymnasium as it is possible to have in a house of this kind,” said
The Sun. There were also a squash court
and “baths of various kinds.” The
uppermost floor contained an open air playground for the children, a roof
garden, and a huge open sun parlor with glass walls. In the days before air conditioning, the
family could retreat here at night to the open air sleeping pavilion.
The completed 102-foot tall house was the tallest private
home ever built in New York.
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John Junior's soaring house rises above his father's Civil War period brownstone -- photo from the collection of the Museum of the City of New York |
The John D. Rockefeller, Jr. family's mansion was completed in 1912—a year when
unions and capitalists were butting heads, sometimes violently. The Labor Defense Committee and the IWW
staged protests that met with rough police reaction. Labor versus management differences would be
manifested on the threshold of the new house.
In May 1914, news reached New York about a tragic and
violent end to a miners’ strike in Ludlow, Colorado. In 1913, workers at a company owned by Rockefeller, Jr. had demanded that
the company obey labor laws regarding safety and cash payment of wages. An angry Rockefeller responded
by having the workers—mostly immigrants—evicted from company-owned housing.
The homeless miners erected a tent city nearby where
families suffered through a severe Colorado winter. As the standoff continued, Rockefeller ordered the National Guard to
attack the settlement with machine guns and rifles and set fire to the tents.
When the smoke cleared, 22 people were dead—workers, women
and children—from beatings, bullet wounds and suffocation.
In response, activist and author Upton Sinclair organized a demonstration
of peaceful resistance. Rows of “silent
mourners” paraded past the Standard Oil offices and, then, showed up at the 54th
Street house.
At 5:30 on the afternoon of May 2, five “mourners” appeared and
walked back and forth before the mansion for four hours. When it became obvious they were not going away,
Detective Billy Ward “decided that the promenade was too short and compelled
the walkers to lengthen the laps until they extended from Fifth avenue almost
to Sixth avenue,” said The Sun the following day. The detective’s ploy did not succeed, however, when one demonstrator attempted to make a speech from the mansion steps, “Ward
made him scoot.”
Five days later the group of five silent mourners had grown
to a crowd. On May 7, traffic police were
astonished to see “hundreds” coming up Fifth Avenue headed towards the
Rockefeller mansion. Leading them was a
man in the black robe of Death. The
demonstrators marched from Sixth Avenue and 50th Street. The Sun reported, “By the time Fifth
avenue was reached the crowd was so big that it cut off all traffic for between
ten and twenty minutes.”
The man in the Death costume, Albert Turner, was arrested
and the mob turned away before reaching the Rockefeller house. Turner was sentenced to two months in the
workhouse.
While the disturbances were taking place on West 54th
Street, Rockefeller and his family were entrenched in their heavily-guarded
Pocantico Hills estate.
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Priceless porcelains and French furniture decorated a sitting room -- photo from the collection of the Museum of the City of New York |
Things eventually calmed down and life returned to normal in
the house that looked rather like a hotel.
Despite his reaction to the Colorado miner strike, Rockefeller, like his
father, was a devoted Baptist. On April
19, 1917, his Bible class and others—nearly 300 persons in all—attended a
service in the house by the Reverend Billy Sunday. Referring to the lure of the lights and sins
of Broadway, the preacher prayed “for those who tread the ‘Gay White Way,’ and
said he hoped religion might touch their hearts and turn them to better things.”
The Rockefellers filled the mansion with an extensive art
collection. David Rockefeller would later remember that “Mother
loved beauty wherever she found it, but Father’s taste was restricted to the
more conventional and realistic art forms.”
Unbelievably, the massive house quickly became too small for
the art collection. The house next door
was purchased and an entrance cut through on three floors. The extension was used to display, among other valuable artworks, ten 18th
century Gobelin tapestries woven for Louis XIV, and the early 15th century
French Gothic tapestry set depicting the Hunt of the Unicorn.
John Rockefeller, Jr. discovered the following winter that
even the Rockefeller name was not always enough to get him what he wanted. The house was heated by a coal-powered heating
plant that serviced several other homes in the neighborhood, as well. When the plant ran out of coal in January
1918 and the temperature in his house plummeted, Rockefeller sent a requisition
to the Standard Oil Company for 36 oil stoves.
The answer he received was not what he expected. “Supply exhausted. Can’t get them for you or anybody else.”
The manager of the distributing station was more pointed. “Rockefeller looks like anybody else to me,”
he told a reporter. “If he walked in
here with an oil can he wouldn’t get it filled any quicker than the dishwasher
at that restaurant down the street.”
Unfortunately, the brutal winter with its accompanying lack
of coal and heaters resulted in the pipes bursting in the 54th
Street mansion. “The Rockefeller pipes
froze and burst just like ordinary pipes, and the result was precisely the same
as elsewhere. Icicles and miniature glaciers
became prominent features of the interior decorations of the house,” reported
the New-York Tribune on January 6.
The family retreated, again, to Pocantico Hills where coal
was in ample supply.
Life for the Rockefeller family was apparently happy in the
big house. On New Year’s Eve 1920, Rockefeller wrote to his father, “We spent a very happy Christmas here in New
York, with the tree up in the big nursery and great mounds of presents all
about the room for the different members of the family.”
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John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s prized collection of porcelains spilled over into a family dining room -- photo from the collection of the Museum of the City of New York |
Nevertheless, the children were raised with the typical
Rockefeller discipline. Nelson would
recall that he was responsible for mending his own clothes, weeding the garden
and keeping detailed accounts of his 30 cent allowance.
But by now, the neighborhood was not the residential enclave
of millionaires it had been. David
Rockefeller wrote in his biography Memoirs, “
With the advent of Prohibition in the mid-1920s, nightclubs and speakeasies selling bootleg liquor also appeared, and there were rumors that a number of brothels had opened as well. The neighborhood, once the exclusive preserve of the Vanderbilts and Astors, had become seedy and down-at-the-heels.
John D. Rockefeller, Sr. died on May 23, 1937 just weeks
before his 100th birthday. The family homes would not survive much longer. The following year, John Rockefeller, Jr.
announced plans to raze the houses as Abby Rockefeller’s vision of the Museum
of Modern Art took form.
Twenty-five years after it was constructed, the towering
John D. Rockefeller, Jr. house was demolished to make way for the sculpture
garden of the museum.
photo by Alice Lum |
Eric Stott here...I once spoke to an old woman who'd been a book seller in NY in the early 20th C. She said that the Rockefeller children would come in with their governess to spend their allowance. One of the boys wanted a book that cost a little more than he had & the owner was willing to let him pay later but the governess decided that it was time for a lecture on thrift and the need to avoid getting into debt. At the end she asked "And what have you learned?" and one of the children said "That we're not as rich as the Vanderbilts!"
ReplyDeleteGREAT story! Thanks!
DeleteIt is interesting that the paneling in the Louis XV furnished drawing room is so restrained (relatively)and more English Neo-classic than French 18th Century- and this during an era when "period" rooms were all the rage, and for a patron for whom "price was no object".
ReplyDeleteIt is also interesting (to me, at any rate) to look at photographs of the Rockefeller triplex apartment at 740 Park Avenue during their occupancy. Many of the pieces of Famille Noir porcelain in that drawing room at 10 West 54th Street can be identified in their new settings on the East side.
Some beautiful furnishings, but the rooms themselves are heavy-handed. Organist Archer Gibson used to play here for Rockefeller events and was watched over by a Goya hung directly above the organ console. The Goya went to Yves Saint-Laurent who willed it to the Louvre.
ReplyDeleteSome spectacular and defintely restrained interiors considering money was no object. Beautifully furnished and only 25 years later demolished. How fast things changed in NYC during those years.
ReplyDeleteGreat article - they pictured this house in a PBS special on the Rockefellers and I've been trying to get more info. Thanks for your great research.
ReplyDeleteRichard D
And now this mansion is, I believe, Il GattoPardo Italian Restaurant; at least the lower floor.
ReplyDeleteSorry, that's across the street, no. 13. Nothing left of the mansion.
DeleteRobt
Sad to read about how ruthless the Rockefellers were to the miners and their families. I have to admit that I was pretty shocked!
ReplyDeleteI'm currently reading John D., Sr.'s biography, "Titan", and the incident is depicted differently there. The Rockefeller family's philanthropy was driven by a man whose uncle was placed in charge of the mining operation, having previously been successfully involved in a different Rockefeller investment turnaround. In the end, that man (the uncle of the philanthrophic arm's head) was calling the shots on the ground, with John D., Jr. only loosely aware of the situation. It seems disingenuous to portray Jr. as the one who ordered the murders.
DeleteYou are reading more Rockefeller propaganda, like all the other more recent documentaries and books.
DeleteMany thanks,
ReplyDeleteFor this posting,
As well as your blog.
So was it 4 W. 54th St that was razed to make the Sculpture Garden at MoMA, or was it 10 W. 54th St? In other words, was it Sr.'s mansion or Jr.'s?
ReplyDeleteBoth houses were demolished for MoMA
DeleteThank you. I really enjoyed reading your blogs entries.
DeleteJust discovered you blog--as a former NYer and architecture buff I love it!
ReplyDeletereally glad you are enjoying it. I try!
DeleteTalk about Rockefeller propaganda! I’m reading a biography on Abby Aldrich Rockefeller by Mary Ellen Chase, (published 1950) that doesn’t begin to hint at how indifferent and criminal John Jr.s attitude toward the miners and subsequent protesters was. A puff piece if there ever was one. - Jon Robert Hogan
ReplyDeleteI found in the garbage the book about the Rockefeller family written by A.A. Fursenko (Die Dynastie Rockefeller). It is an old but very meaningful book. Since I always check the points in the book while reading, I ended up here. Thank you for this article. In May 2024 I will be in NYC and hope to visit many important attractions...
ReplyDelete