The Bush Terminal Sales Building - 130 West 42nd Street

 

photograph by Epicgenius

In 1895, Irving T. Bush conceived a solution to shipping, storage and distribution costs.  His Bush Company organized a complex of six warehouses and a steamship pier on the South Brooklyn waterfront as a freight-handling terminal.  The firm's name was changed to the Bush Terminal Company in 1902.  By then, the complex included a railroad, factory lofts and warehouses.  The Bush Terminal Company moved into its newly-built headquarters at 100 Broad Street in 1905.

In 1916, at the age of 47, Irving T. Bush envisioned another ground-breaking project: a centralized market in which wholesalers world-wide could display their goods.  The architectural firm of Helmle & Corbett, composed of Frank J. Helmle and Harvey Wiley Corbett, was commissioned to design a 30-story structure on the narrow, 50-foot-wide plot at 130-132 West 42nd Street.  Corbett took the reins of the project, designing the skyscraper in the neo-Gothic style.

Irving Bush's original name for the building--The Bush Terminal International Exhibit Building and Buyers' Club--did not easily roll off the tongue.  It was quickly abbreviated to the Bush Terminal Sales Building.  In its July 1917 issue, Dry Goods described it as "a World's Fair in a skyscraper."  The article said, "The Bush Terminal Company is constructing the building at a cost of $2,000,000, and, war or no war, is going to have it open by October 1st."  (The construction cost would translate to $50.2 million in 2026.)  Dry Goods noted that it would be "the tallest building in Times Square."

Corbett's streamlined Gothic elements emphasized the building's narrow verticality, carrying certain vertical lines from the base to the crown.  Corbett explained to The American Architect years later, "The whole mass of the building [was], of course, vertical, and everything possible in designing was done to accentuate this verticality."

The American Architect, October 17, 1917 (copyright expired)

The soaring tower dwarfed the neighboring low-rise buildings.  However, Corbett realized that  the situation might not last forever.  In order to avoid blank side walls, he created full-height, trompe l'oeil piers by the use of colored brick.  Although the Bush Terminal Sales Building is often touted as the first example of the newly enacted New York Zoning Law, Corbet corrected that idea in The American Architect in 1926, saying, "Plans for the building were drawn before the law went into effect.  The set-backs were conceived purely for architectural and aesthetic reasons."

The American Architect, October 17, 1917 (copyright expired)

Dry Goods explained the "double purpose of the new skyscraper."  The Buyers' Club occupied the first floor and mezzanine and included a men's lounge, "reading rooms with library reference books, catalogs, out of town and foreign newspapers and magazines, bar, buffet lunch, etc."  The article laid out the various services available to visiting buyers in the Buyer's Club:

There will be 'information about plays and the sailing of steamships, telephone booths, theatre tickets, retail shopping news, a stenographic department, ticker tape service, trade and credit information and a register of doctors, dentists, nurses.

The typical upper floors held display units of 10 by 10 feet.  On the highest floors were offices, including those of Irving T. Bush (on the topmost floor) and Helmle & Corbett.

The lobby carried on the Gothic motif.  The Bush Magazine 1921 (copyright expired)

In its October 1919 issue, The American Magazine noted, "at present over one thousand manufacturers have engaged space and service for their products.  Elene Foster, writing in the New-York Tribune on February 2 that year, lauded the convenience of one-stop shopping for the out-of-town buyers.  "Before the erection of the Bush Terminal Sales Building, which by the by, is the first of its kind in the world, the woman buyer...who makes a semi-annual pilgrimage for the purpose of replenishing her stock was obliged to trudge from one dingy downtown building to another."  

Dry Goods, July 1917 (copyright expired)

Now, she said, "she wends her way toward the great Gothic building on Forty-second Street."  Buyers would find manufacturers were arranged by floors--toys, childrenswear, or housewares, for instance, on their own dedicated floor.

The Notions and Fancy Goods division (top) and the Perfumery and Toilet Articles floor.  The Bush Magazine, 1921 (copyright expired)

There was an exhibition space in the building, as well.  On February 6, 1919, the New-York Tribune reported, "The first children's fashion show took place last night at the Bush Terminal Building under auspices of the International Buyers' Club," and nine months later, on November 24, The New York Times announced, "Four thousand examples of Persian art will be placed on exhibition and sale today at the Bush Terminal, 130 West Forty-second Street."  Among the "miniatures, lacquers, potteries, brocades" and other items was a 16-foot-square tapestry, "representing the work of 100 women for ten years," said the article.  It was valued at $100,000

About two weeks later, that exhibition escaped what could have been a disaster.  On December 13, The New York Times reported, "Candles used for lighting when electric lights were turned off in accordance with the fuel conservation order were said to have been the cause of a fire on the eighth floor of the Bush Terminal Sales building."  The fire was confined to that floor and the article said, "The fire and water proof construction of the building prevented any damage being caused by water to the collection of Persian art exhibited on the third floor."  The article noted that the 4,000 specimens were the property "of the Persian throne" and included "illuminated manuscripts, rugs, jewelry, and lacquer work which date back as far as the twelfth century."

World War I brought a new type of tenant to the building.  In 1919, the League to Enforce Peace, the League of Free Nations Association, the Vacation War Relief Committee of the Vacation Association, and the City Government Committee of Citizens' Union signed leases.

On May 22, 1921, The New York Times reported, "Extensive alterations are being made to the lower floors of the Bush Terminal Sales Building...to accommodate a novel feature to be known as the Old Town Tavern."  The article explained that the tavern proper "will be equipped with the furniture and fittings characteristic of some of the famous old inns and taverns of New York a hundred years ago."  The motif was carried on throughout the first three floors.  Irving T. Bush, said the article,  intended to remind visitors "of the great historic interest of New York which is so often overlooked or forgotten."  

The three floors, therefore, "are furnished with the quaint old furniture and fittings of the old English manor houses."  Heavy ceiling beams, blocks of travertine imported from Italy and "Old English tile" for the floors were installed.  Irving Bush loaned antiques from his personal collection, including a 16th century banquet table.

The American Architect, October 17, 1917 (copyright expired)

Another change came the following year when the newly organized Hamilton Bank moved into the ground floor in December 1922.  Other new tenants that year were the Technical Book Co. and the Newspaper Club, composed of journalists.

The world-wide esteem of the Bush Terminal Sales Building was exemplified in July 1922 when English novelist Hugh Walpole and the Maharajah of Rajpipla visited the United States.  The New-York Tribune opined on July 10 that the two distinguished visitors had made a mistake.  "No man can see America in two weeks."  The article presumed that the Maharajah would have time only to see one landmark in each of the cities he would be visited.  The newspaper chose the Bush Terminal Sales Building as New York City's point of interest.

The offices of architects Robert P. Rodgers and Alfred E. Poor were located in the building in 1930.  That year, on February 18, Rodgers & Poor's design for the Wright Memorial at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, was selected among 35 submitted designs.

In March 1931, the Childs Restaurant chain leased the two-story space formerly occupied by the Hamilton Bank.  (The bank had recently merged with Chase National Bank.)  The New York Times reported that the space "will be extensively remodeled in old London style by the architects, Pruitt & Brown."

By the outbreak of World War II, the building that Bush Magazine of Factory and Shipping Economy had called "A Modern Temple of Trade" in 1917 was no longer a wholesale shopper's mecca.  Now filled with offices, on March 28, 1941, The New York Times reported that six new tenants had signed leases the previous day.  They included the Commercial Capital Corporation; the accounting firm of Edwin J. Fluss Company; the ABC-Mutual Cleaning Contractors; Leo J. Margolin, an attorney; Stuart Robson, a novelty company; and William Rutter, the New York representative of the Angell Manufacturing Company of Dayton, Ohio.

The headquarters of the Red Cross War Fund of Greater New York opened here in January 1943.  Its sole purpose was to raise money for the Red Cross's work in war-ravaged Europe and on the battlefronts.  By 1946, the name was tweaked to the Red Cross Fund Headquarters.  Among its fund-raising methods was an annual benefit Broadway variety show, and in March 1946 two days of tennis matches at the Seventh Regiment Armory were held.  On March 6, The New York Times announced, "Donald Budge, the king of the courts, heads a cast of professional tennis players who will appear in New York for the benefit of the American Red Cross."

The 1960s saw a wide variety of tenants.  Among them were the Doric Training Center, which promised, "If you're interested in a glamorous, high fashion, high profit cosmetics business of your own, this is it!"; the American School, which advertised, "Do you have leadership potential? Supervisory training at home in your spare time;" and attorney Hyman Abrams, who specialized in immigration law.  He was convicted in August 1969 for "obstructing justice and causing false statements to be made to the Immigration and Naturalization Service," as reported by the New York Amsterdam News.

The building was acquired by Vanke US in 2015 and the lobby was remodeled by Fogarty Finger Architects.  The sleek, white space was inspired "by art gallery spaces," according to Vanke's website.  

image via vanke.us.com

The upper floors were gutted into industrial loft-style spaces.  In May 29, 2026, Bisnow reported that the Bush Terminal Sales Building "is now in the hands of a bank."

many thanks to reader Andrew Porter for suggesting this post

The 1916 Remsen Building - 148 Madison Avenue

 

photograph by acronson

Born on February 7, 1856, Dr. Charles Remsen was the grandson of Benjamin Remsen, who served as secretary to Thomas Jefferson.  In 1915, he commissioned Wallis & Goodwillie to design a 16-story commercial building at the southwest corner of Madison Avenue and 32nd Street.  The firm's plans projected the cost at $200,000--about $6.6 million in 2026 terms.

The Remsen Building's tripartite design included a four-story, terra cotta-clad base.  Above each entrance (and enlivening what would otherwise be a monotonous quilt of plain and foliate tiles) were complex triptych Gothic arches in front of leaded glass.  Crowning the center of each was a commanding Gothic hood.

photograph by acronson

The upper building was faced in gray brick, its spartan nine-story midsection nearly unadorned.  The 13th floor anticipated the much more decorated top section.  A terra cotta cornice below the center windows--three bays wide on Madison Avenue and six bays wide on the side elevation--and a Gothic curtain of trefoil rondels ran above them.  Triple height terra cotta pilasters supported a projecting band course below the cornice, decorated with Gothic quatrefoils.

photograph by frog17

As construction neared completion, on December 31, 1916 The New York Times mentioned "the Remsen Building has ten of its sixteen floors leased."  Saying that its "Gothic treatment arrests attention in this mercantile centre," the article added, "No manufacturing is allowed."  Charles Remsen intended that the new building would house only "showrooms."  

The Evening Post, November 11, 1916 (copyright expired)

Among the to first to move in was I. A. Harris & Brother.  On December 10, 1916, the New-York Tribune reported that the firm "are to be the tenants of Dr. Charles Remsen's building."  The firm manufactured dresses.  The ground floor store was leased to the Egypt Silk Mills Corporation.  Other initial tenants were Perling & Maer, makers of coats and suits, which occupied the seventh floor; Isidore Levy & Co., "sport suit" manufacturers; and Halprin-Silverman Co., makers of dresses.

The New York Times, April 1, 1919 (copyright expired)

One tenant that was decidedly not in the apparel field was James C. Crane, distributor and representative of cosmetics.  It was, for instance, the sole agent of Creme Elcaya, which it advertised as "a non-greasy disappearing toilet cream that would protect and beautify the skin under face powder."  When America joined World War I, James C. Crane's personal office did double-duty as the headquarters of the Liberty Loan Committee.

Wholesale dry goods and apparel firms continued to lease space in the post-World War I years.  C. H. D. Robbins Company, makers of women's "high class dresses," was here in 1920; Floerscheimer Company occupied space by February 1921 when a city-wide strike by the Dress and Waist Manufacturers' Association resulted in loud picketers along the Madison Avenue sidewalk.  The Morgan Knitting Mills, Inc. signed a lease early in 1923; the following year the newly formed Leibler-Goldsmith Company moved in (The New York Times said it "will make tailored dresses for misses and young women and also more mature garments); and by 1926 the Mohawk Knitting Mills, Inc. occupied space here.

Hubert, Moulton & Company, Inc. had its showroom here as early as 1929.  The firm produced fabrics for drapery manufacturers.  It advertised its new offerings in the January 1930 of The Upholsterer and Interior Decorator using terms only its customers could decipher.  It boasted its new "echatones," for instance.  "A superb line of 36 inch Cretonne, processed by etching, entirely different from ordinary printing.  In the newest colors."

The New York offices and showrooms of the Susquehanna Silk Mills, Inc. were here by 1924.  Like a scene plucked from a Western movie, on the morning of May 1 that year, armed robbers held up the firm's truck and got away with $35,000 of silk goods.  (The heist would translate to about $659,000 today.)  

Two New York City Police detectives went undercover, posing as silk salesmen.  They successfully caught the three men--all respected businessmen--who were behind the holdup.  Two were silk merchants and the other an attorne

A different type of tenant took over the entire ground floor in 1933 when A. Beshar & C0., Inc. moved in.  Formed in 1898, the firm imported Oriental rugs and carpets.  Other major lessees in the building in the 1930s were J. H. Erstein & Brother, "ribbons and general merchandise," which occupied the third and fourth floors; upholstery fabrics dealers Rousmaniere Williams Corporation; and Barbizon Corporation, makers of the Barbizon brand of women's undergarments.

Nearly all the tenants of the Remsen Building continued to  be textile and fashion firms.  In the 1960s, for instance, Vogue Lingerie operated here.

image via loopnet.com

The entrance doors and ground floor windows have been changed.  Happily, despite not having landmark protection, none of the terra cotta details have been vandalized by modernization.  Their intricate designs create a striking presence on the Madison Avenue corner.

The Evangelical Lutheran Savior (Sts. Kyril & Metodi Bulgarian Cathedral) 552 W. 50th St.

 

 

photograph by Farragutful

On the evening of September 4, 1887, fire broke out on the second floor of the tenement building at 552 West 50th Street.  The following day, the New-York Tribune wrote that the flames had spread throughout the five-story building "and early this morning were still burning fiercely."  Tenements in the Hell's Kitchen district like this one were crammed with indigent families.  The article said that fire department officials predicted "that not less than ten bodies were buried in the burning ruins."

Steinhardt & Son erected a "three-story brick ribbon factory" on the site.  A minor labor problem arose in the summer of 1893.  The Evening World reported that some union members "had been insulted at Steinhardt's factory, 552 West Fiftieth street, for refusing to work on Memorial Day."  

On October 1, 1897, Herman von Hollen purchased the building for $12,000 (about $468,000 in 2026).  The buyer was, more precisely, Reverend Herman von Hollen, rector of the Evangelische Lutheriske Heilands Kirche (Evangelical Lutheran Savior Church).  

Born in Hanover, Germany on December 1, 1852, Von Hollen was ordained in 1878.  He married Matilda Lomberg in 1890 and had seven children, three of whom died in childhood.  The Von Hollens relocated to New York City in 1896.  Rev. Von Hollen organized the congregation in March 1897, just seven months before purchasing the factory building.  He had chosen a hardscrabble neighborhood in which to minister, and his was the first Lutheran church in Hell's Kitchen.

Within a month of the purchase, Von Hollen had commissioned the architectural firm of Kurtzer & Rohl to renovate the factory into "a three story brick dwelling and mission house."  The renovations cost him the equivalent of $117,000 today.  The architects' focus was the interior and little of the building's exterior appearance was altered.  In his 1907 Genealogical and Family History of New York, William S. Pelletreau described the Lutheran church:

It is a brick edifice, neatly furnished, with a seating capacity of about four hundred.  The work of the church is in larger degree among a poor class of the German population.

By 1903, the church was known simply as the German Lutheran Christ Church.  The renovated factory is the light-colored brick structure toward the left.  Federation magazine, June 1903 (copyright expired)

The Von Hollen family, a caretaker, a maid, and a housekeeper occupied the upper floors.  

The ruffians of the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood were noted for their mischievousness, not their piety, as the newly-arrived German minister soon discovered.  On June 28, 1898, The New York Press reported that he defended himself before Magistrate Kudlich when he was accused by "half a dozen women" of abusing their children.  Von Hollen explained, "that he and his congregation were annoyed by children of the neighborhood, who howled around the church and threw stones and tin cans through the windows during services."

The mothers, "accused the minister of running out of the church and pulling the children's ears," said the article.  The magistrate sided with Von Hollen and dismissed the case, "but warned the women to be careful of their children's conduct hereafter."

Despite the magistrate's order, little changed.  Three years later, on May 18, 1901, The Evening World reported that Von Hollen had discovered two boys attempting to break into the church.  When he confronted them, John Ruck and Charles Kaiser, both 12 years old, pelted the minister with rocks.  It was a substantial assault.  The New York Morning Telegraph said that when Von Hollen appeared in court, "His scalp was furrowed by cuts and his clothing was gore [i.e., blood] stained."  But Rev. Herman von Hollen was what the newspaper described as, "One of the so-called 'turn the other cheek folk.'"  He begged Magistrate Zeller to "give the boys another chance," according to The Evening World.  Zeller told the delinquents that "were it not for Dr. Von Hollen's appeal...he would send them both to the House of Refuge."

Adolph Hernman worked as the caretaker of the property and lived in an upstairs room.  The German immigrant sported "a beard of patriarchal dimensions," as described by the New York Herald.  He, too, would become a target of neighborhood hooligans.  On August 15, 1905, he was walking along West 50th Street with a package when four boys "came up to him and asked for a match," as reported by the newspaper.  When he thrust his free hand into his pocket to get the match, "the four boys grabbed him.  Each one got a fistful of whiskers and the four pulled in different directions."

The reporter presumed that the prank was "exceedingly painful to the flesh, but more lacerating to the spirit."  Hernman found a policeman who "offered himself as the hook if Hernman would walk through the block again as bait."  And sure enough, within a few minutes one of the boys, 16-year-old Charles Kabish, attempted to grab the caretaker's beard.  The policeman rushed in and nabbed him.

The New York Herald reported, "Kabish wept a bucketful in court, but Magistrate Finn has seen boys cry before."  The teen was jailed for a day to spend "in meditation upon the evil of pulling whiskers and being caught at it."

In 1907, Rev. Herman von Hollen purchased a one-story brick church on Walton Avenue in the Bronx.  He retained ownership of the East 50th Street structure, and leased it to the Roman Catholic Church of St. Clemens and Mary.  The congregation occupied the building as it collected funds for its own structure.  On November 4, 1911, The New York Times reported that the St. Clemens and Mary congregation had purchased "two old residences" at 408 and 410 West 40th Street.  The article said, "a new edifice for the parish work is to be erected at once."

The new St. Clemens and Mary Church building was completed in 1912.  The consecration ceremony was held on May 26, but it went horribly awry.  The New-York Tribune headlined an article, "Crowded Stand at Church Collapses."  The article said that 3,000 persons panicked as the stands inside the church buckled.  Although 15 people were injured, some enough to be hospitalized, the ceremony went on.

Rev. Herman von Hollen now leased the West 50th Street building to the newly formed Saints Cyrillus and Methodius congregation.  It was founded by Franciscan friars to serve the increasing Croatian immigrant population.  The 1914 The Catholic Church in the United States of America recalled:

On October 16, 1913, this parish was formally established for the Croatians and entrusted to Rev. Ambrose Sirca, O.F.M.  An old church at 552 West 50th Street which was formerly used by St. Clemens' Polish congregation was obtained and dedicated to SS. Cyrillus and Methodius.

On New Year's Day, 1915, The New York Times reported that Von Hollen had sold the property to "St. Cyril and Methodius Catholic Church."  Now that the congregation owned the building, it set out to make it look like a proper church.  In April 1915, it commissioned architect Frederick J. Schwartz to remodel the structure.  The New York Herald reported that his plans  "consist of building an entire new front wall, new stairs to the choir, new vestibule, and an addition to the choir loft for a sanctuary and sacristy."  The renovations cost the equivalent of $483,000 today.

Schartz's neo-Gothic design gave nods to the Croatian congregation's roots.  Faced in beige brick and trimmed in sandstone, the facade was dominated by a two-story, Gothic-arched stained-glass window.  The copper-clad steeple atop a square, featureless base reflected traditional Southeastern European prototypes.

The main stained-glass window depicts Saints Cyril and Methodius.  photograph by Carole Teller

The renovated church was dedicated on September 30, 1915.  The New York Herald reported, "and it will be known henceforth as the Church of Sts. Cyril and Methodius."  The article noted, "This will be the church centre for more than five thousand Catholics who came to the United States from Croatia, in the southern part of Austria-Hungary."

Aloysius Viktor Stepinac was the Archbishop of Zagreb (in Croatia).  Stepinac was imprisoned by the Yugoslav Government in 1946 for accused treason.  Croatian-American citizens protested.  On October 12, 1948, The New York Times reported on the "two young women in Croat peasant costumes" and five young men who picketed the Yugoslav consulate on Fifth Avenue.  The article said, "The young women said they were members of the Stepinac Club of New York, connected with the Church of Sts. Cyril and Methodius of 552 West Fiftieth Street."

In 1974, the congregation of Sts. Cyril and Methodius merged with that of St. Raphael's Church on West 41st Street and moved into that building.  The East 50th Street structure empty sat until 1979, when it was purchased by the Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Church.  The diocese made renovations, completed in 1984.  It was dedicated on May 12.

The following day, The New York Times reported that dozens of lay volunteers had "worked countless hours transforming a dilapidated church on the West Side of Manhattan into the showpiece of Bulgarian-American life in the New York metropolitan area."

photograph by Carole Teller

The article said that three artists, "who worked more than 70 hours a week on the project for the last two years," headed the group that embellished "nearly every square inch of the interior of the St. Kiril and Metodi Eastern Orthodox Church."  The main force behind the remodeling, including its financing, was 43-year-old Bulgarian immigrant Anton Russev.  The article said the painting was either done directly onto the plaster walls, or on panels in Russev's Lafayette Street studio.  An official of the Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Church said this was the only structure in the United States "that has been decorated in traditional style with Eastern Orthodox icons."

photograph by Carole Teller

The congregation is still in the building with its riveting history.

many thanks to artist Carole Teller for suggesting this post.

The 1911 Zinn Building - 210 Eleventh Avenue

 

photograph by Jim Henderson

Around 1847 when he was 16 years old, Simon Zinn left his native Bavaria.  Upon arriving in New York City, he found employment in a metal goods firm.  By the late 1880s, he was a partner in Zinn & Messer, which manufactured a vast variety of small metal goods like frames and clasps.  The firm's name had became Simon Zinn & Co. before Simon's death in May 1897.

Simon Zinn's widow, Mary, and her sons, Arthur and Martin, took over the firm.  The following year, they established an ancillary company, The Gem Cutlery Company to manufacture safety razors.  By 1907, the two businesses required a large facility.

On November 1 that year, The New York Times reported that the Zinns had purchased the two buildings at 210 to 216 Eleventh Avenue, on the southeast corner of 25th Street.  They were one- and three-stories tall, respectively.  The family did not move quickly to replace the structures, but a disaster three years later forced their hands.

On October 4, 1910, The New York Times reported on "One of the most spectacular fires New York has seen in years."  The blaze began in the lumberyards "on the North River water front" between 23rd and 26th Street.  The city's entire fleet of fireboats helped firefighters on the ground.   In the end, $1.5 million worth of property was destroyed and the riverfront from Tenth to Eleventh Avenue, from 24th Street to the north side of 26th Street was leveled.

Ten days later, the architectural firm of Shire & Kaufman filed plans for an 11-story "brick factory" for the Zinns.  The plans projected the construction cost at $300,000, or about $10.2 million in 2026.  Completed in 1911, the steel-frame Zinn Building was designed in an Arts & Crafts take on Gothic.  The three-story base included double-height segmental arches within banded piers.  The seven-story mid-section was faced in beige brick, its vast windows stacked within full-height arches.  The supports of the tenth floor piers took the form of medieval grotesques, and the building's corner sections rose above the roofline.  The northwestern corner sprouted a clock tower.

By 1940 only a stump of the clock tower survived.  image via the NYC Dept of Records & Information Services.

The Gem Cutlery Co. was as successful (if not more so) as Simon Zinn & Co.  An article in the October 1913 issue of Exporters' Review said, "The 'Gem' safety razors are among the best known safety razors in the United States, the Gem Cutlery Co. having been pioneers in the manufacture of these indispensable toilet requisites."

The Popular Magazine, November 1913 (copyright expired)

Emanuel Grammici was hired in April 1915 as a press operator for Simon Zinn & Co.  The 25-year-old earned $1.18 per day, or about $38 in 2026 terms.  In operating the power press, he created metal inlays.  Less than a month after starting his new job, on May 6, he suffered a horrific accident.  According to legal papers, "in placing the inlay in the die, he accidentally released the power, catching his fingers between the die and punch."  In an instant, all of Grammaci's fingers on his right hand were severed.

Mary Zinn died in May 1919.  She had been highly involved in the operation of the two companies since her husband's death.  Just four months later, in September, Arthur and Martin sold the Gem Cutlery Company for $4 million, a staggering $72.5 million today.

The void in the Zinn Building was filled by the newly-formed Automatic Straight Air Brake Co.  The Wall Street Journal announced on May 14, 1920, "The company has obtained a desirable location for manufacturing purpose, at 210 Eleventh avenue."  And on November 9, the periodical reported, "The Automatic Straight Air Brake Co. is already in production at its plant at 210 Eleventh Avenue."

Arthur and Martin Zinn now focused on the Simon Zinn Inc.'s metal novelty goods.  In 1920, they added their patented vanity cases to the line.

An advertisement for the Zinns' patented vanity case featured a photo of the Zinn Building with the clock tower atop the corner.  The American Perfumer and Essential Oil Review, May 1923 (copyright expired)

In 1924, the Zinns moved their operation to Bristol, Connecticut.  The building was sold to the newly-formed 210 Eleventh Avenue Corporation.  The syndicate was composed of Paul Baron and his sons, Louis J., Abner, Samuel T., Harry and Morton Harold.

Paul Baron was born in Russia and entered the paper manufacturing business in 1882.  He and his sons founded the Royal Card & Paper Corporation in 1913.  The firm produced a variety of papers and card stock and was the first producer of gift-wrapping paper in the United States.

Giftwares magazine, May, 1929

In an early example of environmental regulation, the Royal Paper Company was fined $100 by Magistrate Edward Thompson on September 24, 1951 for air pollution.  Murray Berger, an inspector of the Bureau of Smoke Control, "had witnessed on several inspections," according to The New York Times, of the firm's permitting "dense smoke from the smokestack."

When Morton Harold Baron died in 1986, all his brothers had predeceased him.  Shortly afterward, the Royal Paper Company closed.

At the time of Baron's death, the Chelsea neighborhood was seeing a transformation from industry to art as lofts were converted to gallery spaces.  In 1999, the Robert Mann and the Pardo-Sheehan galleries were in the Zinn Building, joined the following year by the Edward Thorp and the Urban Architecture galleries.  

photograph by the author

Today 210 Eleventh Avenue is known as The Chelsea Arts Centre, its realtor boasting it is "the home to cutting edge creative and high-fashion tenants."  Astoundingly, the lower floors have never been brutalized and Shire & Kaufman's 1911 design is greatly intact.

The 1st German M. E. Church (Church of All Nations) 48 St. Mark's Pl.

 

48 St. Mark's Place originally would have been similar to the house to the left. photograph by the author

The recently built Greek Revival-style house at 48 St. Mark's Place was home to cotton broker Charles Easton in 1842 when his expensive pet ran off.  He advertised in the New York Herald on November 26, "if the finder of a small white Italian Gray Hound, with a dark mark on her back and yellow collar, will send the same to No. 48 St. Mark's Place, a suitable reward will be paid."

Easton's new home sat within a refined neighborhood.  Three-and-a-half stories tall and three bays wide, its sheer size reflected the financial status of its residents.  The elaborate wrought iron stoop railings were an expensive touch.

Easton's dog was not the last item he would lose.  On July 19, 1852, he advertised, "Lost--In one of the small cars, at 11-1/2 to 12 o'clock, between 8th and 27th sts., on the 15th, a Pocket-book containing a sum in gold and silver.  The finder will be compensated, and will receive the thanks of the owner, by leaving it at No. 48 St. Mark's-place."  And two years later, on March 13, 1854, an ad in the New-York Tribune read, "Lost--Thursday afternoon, a dark colored canary, of the long breed.  The finder, by leaving it at No. 48 St. Mark's-place, will be suitably rewarded."

Interestingly, the following year Charles Easton moved next door to 46 St. Mark's Place.  Although their furnishings were only a decade old and could be easily moved next door, the family held an auction on June 6, 1855.  (Completely restarting in a new location was common at the time.)  The items reflected the Eastons' high end lifestyle.  They included "a fine rosewood Piano-Forte, by one of the most celebrated makers," "suites in crimson and maroon brocatelles," bronze and ormolu clocks, rosewood etageres, and "a superb marble figure of the Madonna of Tenerani."

A week later, an announcement in the New-York Tribune offered, "House No. 48 St. Marks-place to Let--Possession by first July.  Inquire of Charles Easton, No. 46 St. Marks-place."

The initial tenant was Gustave Schepff, a merchant.  He and his family remained through 1857.  They were followed by attorney Jonathan Miller and his wife, Sarah R., in 1858.  Sarah left in 1860, following Jonathan's death.  The Freeman family next moved in.  George H. and George W. Freeman operated a produce business in the Fulton Market.  The family remained through 1862.

Finally, starting in 1863, the house had relatively long-term residents in the Billinge family.  William S. Billinge was a partner in  the tea firm Billinge Boies & Co. on Vesey Street.  By 1868, Henry W. Billinge had joined the business.  

   

Like the Eastons had done, when the Billinge family left in the spring of 1871, they auctioned their household goods.  Included in the announcement were, "rare oil paintings and engravings, silver plate and glassware," "rosewood parlor suits, in crimson figured brocatel," and "rosewood dressing bureaus, with French plate glass."

The house next became home to Ernest Steiger, who listed his profession in 1871 as a "German news agent."  The family took in two renters that year, attorney Ebenezer D. Gilbert and Otto Khrebiel, an artist.  

The family had barely moved in before Steiger was selected to sit on a grand jury.  On November 24, 1871, the New York Herald editorialized, "Ernst [sic] Stiger [sic], of 48 St. Mark's place, is to be relied upon, we hope, to perform his full duty as one of the grand jurors in indicting the plunderers of the city treasury."

The Steigers continued to take in a few renters over the years and in 1877 advertised, "To Let--To a single gentleman, a handsomely furnished front Parlor, with adjoining hall Room on second floor, in a private German family."

Henry Bardes purchased 48 St. Mark's Place in 1881.  He immediately hired German-born architect Charles Sturzkober to raise the short attic level to a full fourth floor.  His plans described "alteration for tenement."  The renovations cost Bardes the equivalent of $158,000 in 2025.

Bardes's tenant list reflected the now overwhelmingly German population of the district.  Gustav Schmidt lived here in August 1882 when he was arrested in a raid on a policy shop (an illegal gambling den).  Jeweler Joseph Hamerschlag rented rooms here the following year.

Just three years after purchasing the property, Henry Bardes died.  His heirs sold 48 St. Mark's Place in April 1884 to the well-rounded Dr. Henry Krollpfeiffer and his wife, the former Frederica Merz.

Born in Germany in 1849 Henry Krollpfeiffer began practicing medicine in New York City in 1875.  He and Frederica (known as Frida) were married in 1881.  The couple had four children, Freda, born in 1883; Henry George, born the following year; Elsa Emma, in 1889; and Charles William Frederick, who arrived in 1894.

Dr. Krollpfeiffer was highly involved in the community and served as the Chairman of the Trustee's Committee on Discipline of the New York Public Schools.  His staunch demand for the obeying of rules and his religious views (or lack of them) clashed in the spring of 1896.

Gustav Bittner had three children enrolled in Public School 22.  The school's morning exercises began with a short reading from the Bible and the repetition of the Lord's Prayer.  Bittner, who was a book peddler, was an agnostic and on April 31 informed the principal "that he did not wish his children to be compelled to join in the worship of an 'unseen phantom,'" as reported in The Sun.  The issue landed on the desk of Henry Krollpfeiffer.  His demand for rules and regulations trumped his religious views and he decided, in part:

Though I am an agnostic myself I believe in the opening exercises.  They certainly are moral and can't corrupt anybody...Children must keep order and conform to school rules in their behavior at prayers as much as at recitations.

Krollpfeiffer was also the president of the Centennial Bowling Club.  On April 18, 1896, the club won a bowling tournament among 12 clubs, winning a cup valued at $1,600.  That night the Centennial Bowling Club hosted a banquet at Liederkranz Hall.  Afterward, when Krollpfeiffer examined the bill, he accused waiter Jacob Kochmann of "robbing him" of $42--an overcharge of the champagne consumed.

Dr. Krollpfeiffer and Kochmann faced in court on April 30.  The waiter was represented by a woman lawyer, Rosalie Loew.  Krollpfeiffer was assuredly confident in winning his case.  Female attorneys were highly unusual at the time and the current gender discrimination presumed Loew was incompetent.  Additionally, this would be her first appearance in a courtroom.

As it turned out, Rosalie Loew was masterful.  She asked Krollpfeiffer if he had counted the empty bottles.  He had.  Then she said, while admitting she had never attended a function like this, she assumed "they must be very convivial."  She asked Krollpfeiffer if he had counted any broken bottles.  Forced to admit that he had not, the self-assured doctor was humiliated by the rookie attorney.

The physician who described himself as an agnostic in 1896 had decidedly had a change of heart before the turn of the century.  On October 20, 1900, the New York Tribune reported, "The four story and basement brick dwelling house No. 48 St. Mark's Place, will be altered into a church and dwelling house for the Rev. Henry Krollpfeiffer, pastor of the First German Methodist Episcopal Church.  The basement and first floor will be used for church purposes, and the upper part as a dwelling house for the pastor."

The First German Methodist Episcopal Church was incorporated in 1842.  The congregation had worshiped at 175 Second Avenue since then.  The services were solely conducted in German.

On the same day of The Times article, the Record & Guide noted that architect John Boese had filed plans for the renovations.  They included new steel beams and girders, necessary to create a worship space in the former residence.  Boese replaced the parlor openings with a triptych stained-glass window and added a neo-Gothic terra cotta frieze and entrance frame.  The upper floors were given a veneer of brick, the second floor windows replaced with multi-paned casements, and trefoil-filled terra cotta arches placed over the top floor windows.  The cornice was removed, replaced with a terra cotta faced gable and parapet.

Boese's second floor casements and superb original Greek Revival stoop railings survived in 1941.  via the NYC Dept of Records & Information Services.

Henry Krollpfeiffer died on April 12, 1911 and the property was transferred to the East German Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

The Dochtermann family had shared the upper floors with the Krollpfeiffers since, at least, 1908.  Charles Dochtermann Sr. and his sons, Charles Jr. and Paul, incorporated the Dochtermann Realty Company that year.  In 1913, the sons, now including Frederick, incorporated the Dochtermann Storage Warehouse Company.

Charles Dochtermann, Sr. died at the age of 73 on November 18, 1917.  Expectedly, his funeral on November 21 was held in the First German M. E. Church.

The terra cotta panel announcing the name of the First German M. E. Church was still exposed when this photograph was taken by Jim Henderson on January 15, 2011

A horrific incident occurred early on the morning of November 20, 1920.  The Dochtermann Storage Warehouse was on East 10th Street.  A Coney Island amusement company was temporarily storing a "collection of animals" there, according to the New York Herald.  That morning one of Charles Dochtermann's watchmen called him at home to tell him that the animals were causing "a disturbance" and that the neighborhood around the warehouse "was echoing to their roars."

What Charles Dochtermann obviously did not know when he went to the warehouse was that at least one of the dangerous animals had escaped.  The New York Herald reported, "Opening the doors against the protests of the watchman, he stepped inside, and, raising an electric torch, started to inspect the place."  Suddenly, a leopard pounced from the darkness, clawing and biting at Dochtermann's shoulders.  The New-York Tribune reported, "Doctermann [sic] fought the beast with his bare hands for several minutes, and then the watchman called in a man from the street."

They prodded the cat with iron poles.  "Doctermann [sic], mortally wounded and weakened from loss of blood, was trying to jam his arm down the beast's throat."  Eventually the two men managed to drive the cat from Dochtermann, who was now "prostrate and senseless," according to the New-York Tribune.  He died at Bellevue Hospital.

The next morning, newspapers reported that Dochtermann had died from leprosy, causing a temporary panic in the neighborhood.  Hearing that a leopard had caused Dochtermann's death and considering that a slim possibility, a reporter assumed the he misheard "leprosy" as "leopard."  The reports were corrected a week later.  Dochtermann's funeral was held in the St. Mark's Place church on November 30.

In 1921, John H. Bachmeler was appointed treasurer of the First German M. E. Church.  He held the position until the early part of 1930.  About a year-and-a-half later, on October 20, 1931, he was arrested.  The Brooklyn Daily Eagle explained, "it is said shortages of at least $60,000 have been unearthed in an accountant's survey" of the church's books.

On June 16, 1975, The New York Times reported, "The First German United Methodist Church, at 48 St. Marks Place, yesterday ended 133 years of worship in the German language on Manhattan's Lower East Side."  Although the church's finances were stable, according to the pastor, Rev. John E. Swords, "only two active members now live in the neighborhood, which was once German but is now mainly Spanish-speaking and Ukrainian."  The other 65 congregants lived elsewhere in the city or in the suburbs, said the article.

The church was next shared by the Manhattan Central United Methodist Church and the United Methodist Church of All Nations (Iglesia Metodista Unida Todas la Nacionas).  Importantly, the Center for Immigrants Rights shared the building as early as 1987.

photograph by Beyond My Ken

More recently the vintage structure became home to The Church of the Village, followed by Jubilee Mission Center.